Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)[edit]
Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)
Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog), released on 20 October 2004, was Canonical's first release of Ubuntu, building upon Debian, with plans for a new release every six months and eighteen months of support thereafter.[2] Ubuntu 4.10's support ended on 30 April 2006.[10] Ubuntu 4.10 was offered as a free download and, through Canonical's ShipIt [11] service, was also mailed to users free of charge in CD format.[12]
Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)[edit]
Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)
Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog), released on 8 April 2005,[13][14] was Canonical's second release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 5.04's support ended on 31 October 2006.[15] Ubuntu 5.04 added many new features including an update manager,[16] upgrade notifier, readahead and grepmap, suspend, hibernate and standby support, dynamic frequency scaling for processors, ubuntu hardware database, Kickstart installation, and APT authentication.[17][18] Ubuntu 5.04 allowed installation from USB devices. Beginning with Ubuntu 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding,[19]
Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)[edit]
Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)
Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger), released on 12 October 2005,[20][21] was Canonical's third release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 5.10's support ended on 13 April 2007.[22] Ubuntu 5.10 added several new features including a graphical bootloader (Usplash), an Add/Remove Applications tool,[23] a menu editor (Alacarte), an easy language selector, logical volume management support, full Hewlett-Packard printer support, OEM installer support, a new Ubuntu logo in the top-left, and Launchpad integration for bug reporting and software development.[24]
Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)[edit]
Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake)
Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake), released on 1 June 2006,[25][26][27] was Canonical's fourth release, and the first Long Term Support (LTS) release. Ubuntu 6.06 was released behind schedule, having been intended as 6.04. It is sometimes jokingly described as their first 'Late To Ship' (LTS) release.[28] Development was not complete in April 2006 and Mark Shuttleworth approved slipping the release date to June, making it 6.06 instead.[29]
Ubuntu 6.06's support ended on 14 July 2009 for desktops and ended in June 2011 for servers.[30] Ubuntu 6.06 included several new features, including having the Live CD and Install CD merged onto one disc,[31] a graphical installer on Live CD (Ubiquity), Usplash on shutdown as well as startup, a network manager for easy switching of multiple wired and wireless connections, Humanlooks theme implemented using Tango guidelines, based on Clearlooks and featuring orange colors instead of brown, and GDebi graphical installer for package files.[32][33] Ubuntu 6.06 did not include a means to install from a USB device, but did for the first time allow installation directly onto removable USB devices.
Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)[edit]
Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)
Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft), released on 26 October 2006,[34][35][36] was Canonical's fifth release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 6.10's support ended on 25 April 2008.[37][38] Ubuntu 6.10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme, Upstart init daemon, automated crash reports (Apport), Tomboy note taking application, and F-Spot photo manager. EasyUbuntu, a third party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use, was included in Ubuntu 6.10 as a meta-package.[39]
Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)[edit]
Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)
Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn), released on 19 April 2007,[40][41][42] was Canonical's sixth release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 7.04's support ended on 19 October 2008.[43] Ubuntu 7.04 included several new features, among them a migration assistant to help former Microsoft Windows users transition to Ubuntu, support for Kernel-based Virtual Machine, assisted codec and restricted drivers installation including Adobe Flash, Java, MP3 support, easier installation of Nvidia and ATI drivers, Compiz desktop effects, support for Wi-Fi Protected Access, the addition of Sudoku and chess, a disk usage analyzer (baobab), GNOME Control Center, and Zeroconf support for many devices.[17][44] Ubuntu 7.04 dropped support for PowerPC architecture.
Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)[edit]
Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)
Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon), released on 18 October 2007,[45][46][47] was Canonical's seventh release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 7.10's support ended on 18 April 2009.[48][49] Ubuntu 7.10 included several new features, among them AppArmor security framework,[50] fast desktop search,[51] a Firefox plug-in manager (Ubufox),[52] a graphical configuration tool for X.Org, full NTFS support (read/write) via NTFS-3G, and a revamped printing system with PDF printing by default.[52] Compiz Fusion was enabled as default in Ubuntu 7.10[53] and Fast user switching was added.[51]
Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)[edit]
Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)
Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron), released on 24 April 2008,[54][55][56] was Canonical's eighth release of Ubuntu and the second Long Term Support (LTS) release.[57][58] Ubuntu 8.04's support ended on 12 May 2011 for desktops[59] and ended in April 2013 for servers. Ubuntu 8.04 included several new features, among them Tracker desktop search integration,[60] Brasero disk burner,[61] Transmission BitTorrent client,[61] Vinagre VNC client,[61] system sound through PulseAudio,[62] and Active Directory authentication and login using Likewise Open.[63] In addition Ubuntu 8.04 included updates for better Tango compliance,[64] various Compiz usability improvements, automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine, and an easier method to remove Ubuntu. Ubuntu 8.04 was the first version of Ubuntu to include the Wubi installer on the Live CD that allows Ubuntu to be installed as a single file on a Windows hard drive without the need to repartition the disk. The first version of the Ubuntu Netbook Remix was also introduced.[65] Support for Ubuntu Hardy Heron was officially ended on 9 May 2013.
Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)[edit]
Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex). The default wallpaper depicts an Ibex, with its large curved horns.
Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex), released on 30 October 2008,[66][67] was Canonical's ninth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 30 April 2010.[68] Ubuntu 8.10 introduced several new features including improvements to mobile computing and desktop scalability, increased flexibility for Internet connectivity, an Ubuntu Live USB creator and a guest account,[69] which allowed others to use a computer allowing very limited user rights (e.g. accessing the Internet, using software and checking e-mail).[70] The guest account had its own home folder and nothing done on it was stored permanently on the computer's hard disk.[71] Intrepid Ibex also included an encrypted private directory for users,[72] the inclusion of Dynamic Kernel Module Support, a tool that allows kernel drivers to be automatically rebuilt when new kernels are released and support for creating USB flash drive images.[17][73]
Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)[edit]
Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)
Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope), released on 23 April 2009,[74] was Canonical's tenth release of Ubuntu. Support ended on 23 October 2010.[75] New features included faster boot time,[76] integration of web services and applications into the desktop interface. Because of that, they named it after mythical animal Jackalope.[77] So far it is the only release named after a mythical animal. It had a new usplash screen, a new login screen and also support for both Wacom (hotplugging) and netbooks.[76] It also included a new notification system, Notify OSD,[78] and themes. It marked the first time that all of Ubuntu's core development moved to the Bazaar distributed revision control system.[79][80]
Ubuntu 9.04 was the first version to support ARMv7.[citation needed]
Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)[edit]
Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)
Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala), released on 29 October 2009,[81] was Canonical's 11th release of Ubuntu. It was supported until April 2011.[82][83]
In an announcement to the community on 20 February 2009, Mark Shuttleworth explained that 9.10 would focus on improvements in cloud computing on the server using Eucalyptus, saying "...a Koala's favourite leaf is Eucalyptus",[84] as well as further improvements in boot speed and development of the Netbook Remix.[85]
The initial announcement of version 9.10 indicated that this release might include a new theme, however the project was moved forward to 10.04,[85][86] and only minor revisions were made to the default theme. Other graphical improvements included a new set of boot up and shutdown splash screens, a new login screen that transitions seamlessly into the desktop and greatly improved performance on Intel graphics chipsets.
In June 2009, Canonical created the One Hundred Paper Cuts project, focusing developers to fix minor usability issues. A "paper cut" was defined as, "a trivially fixable usability bug that the average user would encounter on his/her first day of using a brand new installation of the latest version of Ubuntu Desktop Edition."[87]
The desktop installation of Ubuntu 9.10 replaced Pidgin with Empathy Instant Messenger as its default instant messaging client.[88] The default filesystem is ext4, and the Ubuntu One client, which interfaces with Canonical's new online storage system, is installed by default.[89] It introduced USB 3.0 support and Grub 2 beta as default bootloader.[90] It also debuted a new application called the Ubuntu Software Center that unifies package management. Canonical stated their intention for this application to replace Add/Remove Programs (gnome-app-install) in 9.10 and possibly Synaptic, Software Sources, Gdebi and Update Manager in Ubuntu 10.04.[91] Karmic Koala also includes a slideshow during the installation process (through ubiquity-slideshow) that highlights applications and features in Ubuntu.
Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx)[edit]
Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx)
Shuttleworth first announced Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid Lynx)[9] on 19 September 2009 at the Atlanta Linux Fest; Canonical released it on 29 April 2010.[92][93] It is Canonical's 12th release of Ubuntu and the third Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical provided support for the desktop version of Ubuntu 10.04 until 9 May 2013, but intends to support the server version until April 2015. The same dates apply to Kubuntu 10.04, which is built on KDE.
The new release includes, among other things, improved support for Nvidia proprietary graphics drivers, while switching to the open source Nvidia graphics driver, Nouveau, by default. Plymouth was also introduced allowing boot animations.[94][95][96]
GIMP was removed from the Lucid installation CD due to its professional-grade complexity and its file size. F-Spot provides normal user-level graphics-editing capabilities and GIMP remains available for download in the repositories.[97]
The distribution emphasizes the new importance of web services and social networking with integrated interfaces for posting to sites like Facebook and Twitter, complementing the IM and email integration already in Ubuntu.
On 4 March 2010, it was announced that Lucid Lynx would feature a new theme, including new logos, taking Ubuntu's new visual style[98] into account:
The new style in Ubuntu is inspired by the idea of "Light".
We're drawn to Light because it denotes both warmth and clarity, and intrigued by the idea that "light" is a good value in software. Good software is "light" in the sense that it uses your resources efficiently, runs quickly, and can easily be reshaped as needed. Ubuntu represents a break with the bloatware of proprietary operating systems and an opportunity to delight to those who use computers for work and play. More and more of our communications are powered by light, and in future, our processing power will depend on our ability to work with light, too.
Visually, light is beautiful, light is ethereal, light brings clarity and comfort.
Historical perspective: From 2004–2010, the theme in Ubuntu was "Human". Our tagline was "Linux for Human Beings" and we used a palette reflective of the full range of humanity. Our focus as a project was bringing Linux from the data center into the lives of our friends and global family.
Critical responses to the new theme have been mixed. Ars Technica's Ryan Paul said "The new themes and updated color palette are nice improvement for Ubuntu... After testing the new theme for several hours, I feel like it's a step forward, but it still falls a bit short of my expectations." Paul also noted that the most controversial aspect of the new design amongst users has been the placement of the window control buttons on the left instead of the right side of the windows.[99][100] TechSource's Jun Auza expressed concern that the new theme is too close to that used by Apple's Mac OS X: "I think Ubuntu is having an identity crisis right now and should seriously consider changing several things in terms of look and feel to avoid being branded as a Mac OS X rip-off, or worse, get sued by Apple." Auza also summarized Ubuntu user feedback: "I believe the fans are divided right now. Some have learned to love the brown color scheme since it uniquely represents Ubuntu, while others wanted change."[101]
The first point release, 10.04.1, was made available on 17 August 2010,[102] and the second update, 10.04.2, was released on 17 February 2011.[103] The third update, 10.04.3, was released on 21 July 2011,[104] and the fourth and final update, 10.04.4, was released on 16 February 2012.
Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)[edit]
Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)
The naming of Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat) was announced by Mark Shuttleworth on 2 April 2010, along with the release's goals of improving the netbook experience and a server focus on hybrid cloud computing. Ubuntu 10.10 was released on 10 October 2010 (10.10.10) at around 10:10 UTC.[105][106][107][108][109] This is a departure from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October to get "the perfect 10",[110] and a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, since, in binary, 101010 is equal to the number 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.[111] It was Canonical's 13th release of Ubuntu. New features included the new Unity interface for the Netbook Edition, a new default photo manager, Shotwell, replacing F-Spot, the ability to purchase applications in the Software Center, and an official Ubuntu font used by default.[112] Support for Ubuntu Maverick Meerkat 10.10 was officially ended on 10 April 2012.[113]
Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal)[edit]
Ubuntu 11.04 Desktop (Natty Narwhal) using Unity.
The naming of Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal) was announced on 17 August 2010 by Mark Shuttleworth.[114] Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal was released on 28 April 2011.[115] It is Canonical's 14th release of Ubuntu.
Ubuntu 11.04 used the Unity user interface instead of GNOME Shell as default. The move to Unity was controversial as some GNOME developers feared it would fracture the community and marginalize GNOME Shell.[116][117] The GNOME desktop environment is still available in Ubuntu 11.04 under the title Ubuntu Classic as a fallback to Unity.
Ubuntu 11.04 employed Banshee as the default music player, replacing Rhythmbox. Other new applications included Mozilla Firefox 4 and LibreOffice, which replaced OpenOffice.org.[118][119][120] The OpenStack cloud computing platform was added in this release.[121][122]
Starting with Ubuntu 11.04, the Ubuntu Netbook Edition was merged into the desktop edition.[123]
In reviewing Ubuntu 11.04 upon its stable release, Ryan Paul of Ars Technica said "There is a lot to like in Ubuntu 11.04, but also a lot of room for improvement." Jesse Smith of Distrowatch said "I'm of the opinion there are good features in this release, but 11.04 definitely suffered from being rushed out the door while it was still beta quality. Ubuntu aims to be novice-friendly, but this release is buggy and I think they missed the mark this time around. I'm limiting my recommendation of 11.04 to people who want to play with an early release of Unity."[124][125] Support for Ubuntu 11.04 officially ended on 28 October 2012.[126]
Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)[edit]
Ubuntu 11.10 final release (13 October 2011) running Unity 4.22.0
The naming of Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot) was announced on 7 March 2011 by Mark Shuttleworth. He explained that Oneiric means "dreamy".[127] Ubuntu 11.10 was released on schedule on 13 October 2011 and is Canonical's 15th release of Ubuntu.[128]
In April 2011 Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 11.10 would not include the classic GNOME desktop as a fall back to Unity, unlike Ubuntu 11.04 Natty Narwhal. Instead, 11.10 will include a 2D version of Unity as a fallback for computers that lack the hardware resources for the Compiz-based 3D version. However, the classic GNOME desktop remains available as a fallback in Ubuntu 11.10 through a package in the Ubuntu repositories.[129] Shuttleworth also confirmed that Unity in Ubuntu 11.10 will run as a shell for GNOME 3 on top of GNOME 3 libraries, unlike in Ubuntu 11.04 where it ran as a shell for GNOME 2. Moreover, users will also be able to install the entire GNOME 3 stack along with GNOME Shell directly from the Ubuntu repositories, to be presented with a "GNOME 3 desktop" choice at login.[130] During the development cycle, there also have been many changes to Unity, including the placement of the Ubuntu button on the Launcher instead of on the Panel, the autohiding of the window controls (and the global menu) of maximized windows, the introduction of more transparency into the Dash (and the Panel if the Dash is opened), and the introduction of window controls for the Dash.[131]
In May 2011, it was announced that PiTiVi would be no longer part of the Ubuntu ISO, starting with Ubuntu 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot. The reasons given for removing it included poor user reception, lack of fit with the default user-case for Ubuntu, lack of polish and the application's lack of development maturity. PiTiVi will not be replaced on the ISO with another video editor. Other changes include removing Computer Janitor, as it caused broken systems for users, and the removal of the Synaptic package manager, which can optionally be installed via the Ubuntu Software Center. Déjà Dup has been added as Ubuntu's backup program.[132] Mozilla Thunderbird has replaced the Evolution email client. All removed applications will remain available to users for installation from the Ubuntu Software Center and repositories.[133][134][135][136] Support for Ubuntu Oneiric Ocelot was officially ended on 9 May 2013.
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin)[edit]
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS desktop
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin) is the Ubuntu's sixteenth release and its fourth Long Term Support (LTS) release, made available on schedule on 26 April 2012.[137][138] It is named after the pangolin anteater.[139] Previous LTS releases have been supported for three years for the desktop version and five years for the server version; this release will be supported for five years for both versions.[140][141]
Changes in this release include a much faster startup time for the Ubuntu Software Center and refinements to Unity. This release also replaced the Banshee media player with Rhythmbox as the default media player and dropped the Tomboy note-taking application and the supporting Mono framework as well.[142][143] Also, the window dodge feature has been removed from the Unity launcher starting with Ubuntu 12.04.[144]
Ubuntu 12.04 incorporated a new head-up display (HUD) feature that allows hotkey searching for application menu items from the keyboard, without needing the mouse. Shuttleworth said that the HUD "will ultimately replace menus in Unity applications" but for Ubuntu 12.04 at least the menus will remain.[145]
Ubuntu 12.04 is the first Ubuntu release shipped with IPv6 privacy extensions turned on by default. Ubuntu 11.10 already supported IPv6 on the desktop and in the installer (stateless address autoconfiguration SLAAC, stateless DHCPv6 and stateful DHCPv6).[146]
Like other LTS releases, 12.04 will include point releases that bundle updates to shorten downloads for users installing the release later in its lifecycle. The point releases and dates are: 12.04.1 (23 August 2012), 12.04.2 (14 February 2013), 12.04.3 (scheduled for release on 22 August 2013, but actually released on 23 August 2013) and 12.04.4 (6 February 2014).[147] While the most recent point release was 12.04.5, released on 7 August 2014.[148]
Jesse Smith of DistroWatch said that many people, like he, had questioned Ubuntu's direction, including Unity. But with Ubuntu 12.04 he felt that the puzzle pieces, which individually may have been underwhelming, had come together to form a whole, clear picture. He said "Unity, though a step away from the traditional desktop, has several features which make it attractive, such as reducing mouse travel. The HUD means that newcomers can find application functionality with a quick search and more advanced users can use the HUD to quickly run menu commands from the keyboard." He wrote that Unity had grown to maturity, while indicating that he was bothered by its lack of flexibility. He did notice issues, however, especially that the HUD did not work in LibreOffice and performance in a virtual machine was unsatisfactory. He concluded that Ubuntu's overall experience was "head and shoulders above anything else in the Linux ecosystem."[149]
Jim Lynch wrote "Ubuntu 12.04 is definitely worth an upgrade if you’re running an earlier version. Unity is finally coming into its own in this release, plus there are other enhancements that make upgrading worthwhile. Ubuntu is getting better and better with each release. I was one of the Unity skeptics initially, but I’ve come to accept it as part of Ubuntu.
Jack Wallen of TechRepublic – who had strongly criticized early versions of Unity – said "Since Ubuntu 12.04 was released, and I migrated over from Linux Mint, I’m working much more efficiently. This isn’t really so much a surprise to me, but to many of the detractors who assume Unity a very unproductive desktop... well, I can officially say they are wrong. [...] I realize that many people out there have spurned Unity (I was one of them for a long time), but the more I use it, the more I realize that Canonical really did their homework on how to help end users more efficiently interact with their computers. Change is hard – period. For many, the idea of change is such a painful notion they wind up missing out on some incredible advancements. Unity is one such advancement.
